Technology

How to Сreate Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

Without clear procedures, organizations face operational chaos, unpredictable service quality, and high costs to correct errors. SOPs ensure consistency in task execution, reduce errors by 60-80%, help scale operations, and significantly reduce training time for new employees.

Understanding the essence of standard operating procedures is the foundation for their successful creation and implementation. SOPs are much more than just instructions—they are living documents that form a quality system in the organization and ensure predictability of business processes.

In this article, you will receive practical guidance on create standard operating procedures that will actually be used in daily work and bring measurable value to your business.

What is a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)

A standard operating procedure (SOP) is a detailed step-by-step instruction describing the sequence of actions for performing a specific work task or process, indicating responsible persons, time frames, checkpoints, and quality criteria.

Process documentation in the context of SOP includes not only the instructions themselves, but also the full context of execution: goals, prerequisites, resources, risks, success metrics, and relationships with other processes in the organization.

The main components of SOP are:

  • Purpose of the procedure — why the process is performed.
  • Scope — where and when it is used.
  • Responsible persons — who performs each stage.
  • Step-by-step instructions — a detailed description of the actions.
  • Checkpoints — quality and safety checks.
  • Document flow — what documents are created or used.

Types of SOPs

Different types of standard operating procedures require different approaches to development and design. Understanding this classification will help you choose the right methodology for creating the SOP document.

By Content and Complexity of Processes

TypeCharacteristicsApplication examples
Simple linear5-15 steps, one performerReceiving an order, registering a client
BranchedMany options, conditionClaims processing, diagnostics
Multi-user SOPsMultiple roles, task delegationHiring process, project launch
TechnicalWorking with equipment, softwareSystem setup, maintenance
RegulatoryCompliance with standardsQuality control, audit

Types of SOPs

Different types of standard operating procedures require different approaches to development and design. Understanding this classification will help you choose the right methodology for creating the SOP document.

By Content and Complexity of Processes

TypeCharacteristicsApplication examples
Simple linear5-15 steps, one performerReceiving an order, registering a client
BranchedMany options, conditionClaims processing, diagnostics
Multi-user SOPsMultiple roles, task delegationHiring process, project launch
TechnicalWorking with equipment, softwareSystem setup, maintenance
RegulatoryCompliance with standardsQuality control, audit

By Form of Documentation

SOPs types

Checklists

The checklist is a form of SOP document that uses concise language. It consists of bulleted lines in which short phrases, words, or abbreviations are written. The purpose of making a checklist is to make the point as short as possible. This SOP format is often used when it is necessary to indicate routine tasks that need to be repeated. Checklists should be used when the employee knows how to complete the detailed steps of the procedure, but he needs brief hints.

SOP examples: Checklist for evaluating the epidemiological safety system in a medical organization, SEO checklist.

Step-by-step Instructions

It includes a more detailed linear description of the actions required for the employee to perform. The step-by-step format has a structured format that allows the user to start with the first step and perform next actions in chronological order. It is often presented in the form of a bulleted or numbered list, and may include pictures, screenshots, diagrams.

SOP examples:Hiring a new employee or a detailed instructions of the manufacture of a new product.

Hierarchical Format

Imagine the hierarchical standard operating procedure document as a more complex and detailed version of the step-by-step list. This type is the best choice when we need to manage a multi-step process and achieve efficiency.

SOP examples: Conducting a financial audit or managing a project consisting of a large number of details.

Flowchart Format

Flowcharts can be useful if you are faced with complex workflows in which you need to make many decisions at once. With the help of a flowchart, it becomes easier to understand at what stage each of the processes is and quickly eliminate shortcomings.

SOP examples: Solving complex problems related to customers or tracking the delivery of goods from order to receipt.

Main Components of SOPs

A good standard operating procedure should contain all the necessary elements for any qualified employee to successfully perform the process.

The key elements may differ because SOP document cover various industries and departments. However, some of them still occur with the greatest frequency.

Consider the components that an SOP document should include:

Identification information

  • Unique number and procedure name
  • Document version and date of last update
  • Process owner (responsible for the process) and contact information
  • Document status (draft, active, archived)

Contents

  • Purpose and scope of the procedure
  • Definitions of terms and abbreviations
  • Roles and responsibilities of participants
  • Step-by-step instructions with detailed actions
  • Checkpoints and quality criteria
  • Safety precautions and safety requirements
  • Related documents and forms

Supporting documentation

  • User training materials and guidelines
  • Checklist format for quick use
  • Infographics, including charts and diagrams
  • Revision history with description of changes

Why Organizations should Create Standard Operating Procedures?

SOPs advantages
  • Consistency. Even simple processes can be perceived in different ways. Employees can approach work tasks in a variety of ways, and although innovation is necessary to maintain competitiveness in today’s market, standardization plays a key role in ensuring stable results.
  • Quality Control. Since the concept of quality is often objective, businesses are encouraged to rely on industry standards. The standard operating procedure document, which includes safety regulations, will help keep all employee decisions within the standards.
  • Safety. Instructions submitted in SOP format helps reduce additional workload by reducing employee stress, thereby ensuring their safety.
  • Avoiding Loss of Knowledge. Storing all the necessary information in the form of detailed digital instructions facilitates the transfer of knowledge when new employees come to work and serves as a comprehensive knowledge base.
  • Saving Time and Money. educing the number of frequently performed unnecessary tasks can significantly improve productivity and optimize costs. Standard operation procedure documents also simplify the onboarding process.

How to Create SOPs

Here is the basic guide for writing procedures that are effective standard operating procedures.

Understanding the Purpose of SOP Creation

Clearly define for what purpose you need to create standard operating procedures.

Developing Effective Standard Operating Procedures

  • Define the Process: Identify areas of your business which need to be developed. Involve experts from these fields and relevant stakeholders to help you compile SOP template.
  • Define the Format: ind the most suitable for your purposes type of SOP template or choose a SOP template for consistency. Discuss key elements to include (title, purpose, scope, responsibilities, procedures, etc.).
  • Draft the Standard Operating Procedure: Write a clear and concise first draft. Make sure that all parts of your draft are interconnected, do not repeat each other and go in a logical steps order.
  • Review and Revise: Share the draft with your teammates for feedback. Make necessary revisions based on input received to ensure it’s not a poorly written SOP.
  • Test Your Standard Operating Procedure Document: Try the trial version with employees and gather feedback. Make the necessary changes, get rid of errors.
  • Finalize and Approve: Prepare the final version of the document with proper approval signatures. Ensure that special operating procedures comply with regulatory requirements. Get all the necessary permissions to use and management approval signatures.

Onboarding Process

  • Develop strategies for the implementation of standard operating procedures in the onboarding process of employees.
  • Conduct the necessary training sessions.
  • Give preference to digital instructions, trying to avoid paper ones.

Monitoring and Control

  • Decide on a schedule for checking the SOP document and, possibly, making the necessary changes to the documents (e.g., annually, bi-annually).
  • Keep the staff informed of changes constantly to ensure everyone is on the same page.

Principles of Effective SOP Writing

Creating a clear and practical procedure requires following certain principles of writing procedures that ensure maximum usefulness of the document for end users.

Linguistic Principles

Use active voice and specific wording. Instead of “a check should be carried out”, write “the manager checks the parameters for compliance”. Avoid passive voice and abstract concepts and ambiguity. Each action should be expressed through a concrete verb: “measure”, “record”, “send”, “confirm”.

Structural Principles

Follow the chronological sequence of actions. Each step should logically follow from the previous one. Use consistent numbering and formatting. Highlight important points, warnings, and critical requirements with special formatting.

Practical Principles

Include real examples and use cases. Provide for possible deviations and scenarios. Add links to additional resources and reference information to provide better understanding.

Common Mistakes when Creating SOPs

Too General Descriptions

  • Problem: Instructions like “check quality” do not provide specifics.
  • Solution: Detail each action: “check the dimensions against the drawing, tolerance ±0.1 mm” with enough detail.

Ignoring Exceptions

  • Problem: Procedures do not take into account non-standard situations.
  • Solution: Add sections “Actions in case of deviations” or “Exceptional cases” with corrective actions.

Lack of Feedback

  • Problem: SOPs are created without the participation of performers.
  • Solution: Involve employees and other stakeholders in development and testing.

Overloading with Details

  • Problem: Too detailed instructions make it difficult to use.
  • Solution: Balance between completeness and practicality when writing procedures.
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Version Control and Document Control System

An effective SOP document control system is critical to maintaining the relevance and accuracy of SOPs. Lack of version control can result in outdated procedures and serious operational problems. It’s an absolute necessity for proper sop management.

Components of the document management system:

Element of the systemRequirementsImplementation tools
VersionUnique numbering, change trackingSharePoint, Git
AvailabilityCentralized storage, access controlCorporate portal, cloud solutions
RelevanceRegular checks, notifications of changesAutomatic reminders, workflows
ArchivingSaving version historyElectronic archive
SearchIndexing, metadataSearch engines, tags

Procedure Validation System: Guarantee of the Quality

Validation procedure is a systematic process of checking that the created effective SOP actually leads to the achievement of the set goals and can be effectively used in real working conditions.

Multi-level system of SOP validation:

Level 1: Technical validation

Checking the correctness and completeness of the instructions from a technical point of view. Expert assessment of the procedure content by subject matter experts with scientific knowledge.

Level 2: User validation

Testing the procedure with real users in controlled conditions. Analysis of the comprehensibility of the instructions and the feasibility of actions for the intended audience.

Level 3: Operational validation

Checking the procedure in real working conditions with measurement of actual results and comparison with expected indicators to ensure compliance.

Principles of Continuous Improvement of SOPs

Effective standard operating procedures are living documents that continually evolve and improve based on lessons learned and changing business needs. The same idea applies to maintaining their relevance.

PDCA Continuous Improvement Cycle for SOPs

Plan: Regularly review the effectiveness of existing procedures, identify areas for improvement based on user feedback, performance metrics, and changes in the business environment.

Do: Develop and test improvements on a limited scale, create a new SOP based on identified needs.

Check: Monitor the results of change implementation, collect data on impact on key performance indicators, analyze user feedback to ensure the SOP reflects current best practices.

Act: Standardize successful improvements, disseminate best practices throughout the organization, document lessons learned in revision history.

Sources of Data for Improving SOPs

Data sourceType of informationFrequency of collectionResponsible
User feedbackProblems, suggestions, satisfactioncontinuouslyProcess owners
Performance MetricsKPI, qualityWeekly/monthlyAnalysts
Incidents and errorsTypes of problems, root causesWhen it occursQuality managers
Process auditsCompliance with procedures, deviationsQuarterlyInternal auditors
Changes in businessNew requirements, technologiesAs neededManagement

Industry Standards and Their Impact on SOPs

Different industries have specific requirements for process documentation that must be taken into account when creating standard operating procedures to ensure compliance.

IndustryKey standards
Medicine and PharmaceuticsGMP, ISO 13485, FDA CFR
Food IndustryHACCP, ISO 22000, BRC
AviationAS9100, DO-178C
AutomotiveIATF 16949, ISO 26262
Financial servicesSOX, Basel III, GDPR
IT and CybersecurityISO 27001, COBIT

ROI and Business Impact from SOP Implementation

Investments in the development and implementation of standard operating procedures should bring measurable returns to the business. A correct assessment of return on investment allows you to justify SOP projects to management and optimize resource allocation.

Calculating ROI from the implementation of SOPs requires taking into account both direct and indirect effects, many of which manifest themselves in the long term.

EffectSpecific benefitsMethod of measurementTime horizon
Reducing errorsReduction of defects and rework% defect reduction x cost of defect3-6 months
Increased productivitySpeeding up processesTime reduction x time cost1-3 months
Reduction of trainingFast adaptation of new employeesDays of training x salary + lost profit1-2 months
Improving qualityImproving customer satisfactionNPS, retention rate, CLV6-12 months
Reducing risksFewer incidents and finesCost of avoided risks12-24 months
ScalingOpportunity to grow without a proportional increase in costsElasticity of operations12-36 months
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Practical Tools and Technologies for Creating SOPs

The choice of development tools should be based on the specific needs of the organization, the volume of documentation, the number of users and budgetary constraints.

The modern market offers a wide range of software solutions for create standard operating procedures, from simple text editors to specialized process management platforms. The right choice of tool can significantly affect the quality of documentation, the speed of its creation and the efficiency of implementation.

Overview of Software Solutions for Developing SOPs

There are many SOP tools for creating standard operating procedures on the market. They vary in the level of specialization, functionality and cost:

Basic tools: Microsoft Word, Google Docs, Excel are suitable for small organizations with minimal automation requirements.

Universal platforms: Confluence, Notion, SharePoint provide advanced collaboration and document management capabilities in a central location.

Specialized BPM systems: ProcessMaker, Nintex, Bizagi offer a full cycle of business process management with powerful analytics and automation.

Each category of solutions has its own advantages and limitations, which requires a thorough analysis of the organization’s needs when choosing the right tool.

ProcessNavigation — a Specialized Platform for SOPs

ProcessNavigation is a comprehensive solution created specifically for the effective management of standard operating procedures in modern organizations.

Key platform features:

  • Visual process modeling: An intuitive editor with support for international notation standards (BPMN 2.0, EPC) allows you to create detailed process diagrams indicating roles, resources, and time frames.
  • Automatic documentation generation: A unique function for automatically creating text descriptions of procedures based on visual diagrams ensures consistency and saves time on preparing documentation.
  • Intelligent version control: Advanced change control system with the ability to compare versions, rollback, and customizable workflows for coordinating updates.
  • Integration capabilities: API interfaces for connecting to corporate systems (ERP, CRM, HRM) and setting up automatic notifications for deviations from procedures.
  • Real-time analytics: Dashboards with process efficiency metrics, bottlenecks identification and optimization recommendations.

FAQ

Yes, especially if: You have more than 5 employees. There are processes that affect the quality of the product. Planning to scale. Working with regulated industries. Start with the 3-5 most important processes. This will help reduce dependence on key employees and improve the quality of work.

Start with the most critical processes and specific tasks. For a small business, it is enough to create standard operating procedures for 5-10 key areas: – Sales process – Customer service – Financial operations – Security procedures – Working with suppliers. Use simple tools like Google Docs or Word with an appropriate SOP template, do not overpay for complex systems.

Create a basic version of the SOP with principles and general steps. Add a section “Adaptation to Change” with a decision-making algorithm. Set frequent review cycles (monthly) instead of the traditional annual ones to ensure it remains accurate.

User adoption is a critical success factor for any SOP project. Statistics show that up to 70% of written sops are not used regularly. Provide clear guidelines and clear direction with written instructions that include essential steps.

The choice of format should be based on the specifics of the process, the characteristics of the users and the available resources. Consider the people involved and provide a process document with precise instructions and work instructions that help ensure tasks are completed properly. A well-structured format helps achieve successful implementation through proper active voice usage and maintaining focus on the intended audience. When dealing with multiple sops, it’s important to maintain consistency and ensure each new sop follows the established format. This approach helps create a well defined system where all procedures work together effectively.

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